20250907
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Petar Cubela
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### **Comprehensive Project Plan for VLAN Bridging with mDNS Proxy and Avahi Servers**
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---
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### **1. Project Overview**
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**Objective**: Enable Apple devices in VLAN 15 and 19 to discover Apple TVs in VLAN 7 via Bonjour (mDNS) **without** requiring Layer 3 switches or VLAN routing on the Sophos firewall.
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**Key Requirements**:
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- **VLANs**: Student (15), Teacher (19), AppleTV (7).
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- **Subnets**:
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- VLAN 15: `172.16.19.254/255.255.252.0`
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- VLAN 19: `192.168.151.254/255.255.252.0`
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- VLAN 7: `172.16.111.254/255.255.248.0`
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- **Services**: Bonjour (mDNS), HTTP/HTTPS (80,443), DHCP (546/udp, 547/udp), and other protocols.
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- **Tools**:
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- **Sophos XGS4300**: DHCP server, firewall.
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- **ESXi**: Hypervisor for VMs.
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- **Debian VMs**: Avahi servers, mDNS proxy.
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- **Switches**: Level 2 (no IGMP snooping).
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- **VM IPs**: `.250` in each VLAN (e.g., `172.16.19.250`, `192.168.151.250`, `172.16.111.250`).
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---
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### **2. Network Architecture Design**
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#### **A. VLAN Configuration (ESXi vSwitch)**
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- **vSwitch Setup**:
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- Create a **vSwitch** (e.g., `vSwitch0`) with **VLAN tags** for each VLAN (15, 19, 7).
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- Assign **VMs** to this vSwitch with appropriate VLAN tags.
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- **VM Interfaces**:
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- Each **Avahi server VM** and **mDNS proxy VM** will have **one virtual NIC per VLAN** (e.g., VLAN 15, VLAN 19, VLAN 7).
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- Ensure **untagged interfaces** for management (optional).
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#### **B. VM Resource Allocation**
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- **Avahi Server VMs**:
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- **RAM**: 1GB (minimal, as Avahi is lightweight).
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- **CPU**: 1 core.
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- **Storage**: 10GB (for OS and logs).
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- **mDNS Proxy VM**:
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- **RAM**: 2GB (to handle traffic forwarding).
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- **CPU**: 2 cores.
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- **Storage**: 20GB (for logs and configurations).
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#### **C. IP Addressing**
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- **Avahi Servers**:
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- VLAN 15: `172.16.19.250`
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- VLAN 19: `192.168.151.250`
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- VLAN 7: `172.16.111.250`
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- **mDNS Proxy**:
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- Assign a **static IP** (e.g., `172.16.111.251`) in VLAN 7 (or use a management VLAN if needed).
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---
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### **3. Software and Configuration**
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#### **A. Avahi Servers (Per VLAN)**
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- **OS**: Debian 12 (Bookworm).
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- **Installation**:
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```bash
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apt update && apt install avahi-daemon avahi-utils
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```
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- **Configuration (`/etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf`)**:
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- Ensure `host-name` is set to the VM's hostname (e.g., `avahi15`).
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- Set `domain-name` to the local domain (e.g., `local`).
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- **Service Announcement**:
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- Place service files in `/etc/avahi/services/` for Apple TVs (e.g., `apple-tv.service`).
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- Example `apple-tv.service`:
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```xml
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<service>
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<type>_http._tcp</type>
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<subtype>_apple-tv._sub</subtype>
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<port>80</port>
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<host>apple-tv.local</host>
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</service>
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```
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#### **B. mDNS Proxy (VM)**
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- **Software**: Use **`mdnsproxy`** (not `dnsmasq`) for mDNS forwarding.
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- **Installation**:
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```bash
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apt update && apt install mdnsproxy
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```
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- **Configuration (`/etc/mdnsproxy.conf`)**:
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- Define **forwarding rules** between VLANs:
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```ini
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[forward]
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172.16.19.250 192.168.151.250 172.16.111.250
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192.168.151.250 172.16.19.250 172.16.111.250
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172.16.111.250 172.16.19.250 192.168.151.250
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```
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- Ensure **UDP port 5353** is open for mDNS traffic.
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- **Firewall Rules (Sophos XGS)**:
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- Allow **UDP port 5353** between VLAN 15, 19, and 7.
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- Allow **TCP/UDP ports 80, 443, 546, 547** for service access.
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---
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### **4. Firewall Configuration (Sophos XGS4300)**
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- **DHCP Server**:
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- Assign IPs to VLANs 15, 19, and 7.
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- Ensure **IP ranges** match the subnets (e.g., VLAN 15: `172.16.19.252-254`).
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- **Firewall Rules**:
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- **Allow** traffic between VLANs 15, 19, and 7 via the mDNS proxy.
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- **Deny** direct communication between VLANs (to enforce proxy routing).
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- **Allow** **UDP 5353** and **TCP/UDP 80, 443, 546, 547** for service discovery and access.
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---
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### **5. Testing and Validation**
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- **Step 1**: Verify **VLAN tagging** on ESXi vSwitch. Use `ovs-ofctl dump-ports` to confirm VLAN tags.
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- **Step 2**: Test **mDNS traffic** with `tcpdump` on the mDNS proxy VM:
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```bash
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tcpdump -i eth1 port 5353
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```
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- **Step 3**: Use **Bonjour tools** (e.g., `dns-sd`) to discover services:
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```bash
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dns-sd -B _http._tcp local
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```
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- **Step 4**: Ensure **Apple devices** can access services via the proxy.
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- **Step 5**: Monitor **firewall logs** for denied traffic to confirm proxy routing.
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---
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### **6. Potential Hurdles and Solutions**
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| **Hurdle** | **Solution** |
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|------------|--------------|
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| **Level 2 Switches**: No IGMP Snooping | **mDNS proxy** bridges VLANs, so multicast traffic is handled by the proxy. |
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| **Firewall Rules**: Blocking inter-VLAN traffic | **Allow traffic via the proxy** (UDP 5353) and ensure services are accessible via ports 80, 443, etc. |
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| **VM IP Conflicts** | Assign **static IPs** in each VLAN (e.g., `.250`) to avoid DHCP conflicts. |
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| **mDNS Proxy Not Forwarding** | Verify `mdnsproxy` configuration and ensure VMs are connected to all VLANs. |
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| **Service Discovery Failures** | Test with `dns-sd` and ensure Avahi servers are correctly configured. |
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---
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### **7. Resource Recommendations**
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- **ESXi Host**:
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- At least 8GB RAM, 4 cores.
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- Ensure **vSwitch** is configured with VLAN tags.
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- **VMs**:
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- **Avahi Servers**: 1GB RAM, 1 core.
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- **mDNS Proxy**: 2GB RAM, 2 cores.
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- **Storage**:
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- Allocate 10-20GB per VM for OS, logs, and service files.
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---
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### **8. Final Notes**
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- **Scalability**: Add more Avahi servers if needed, but ensure the mDNS proxy can handle increased traffic.
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- **Monitoring**: Use **Prometheus/Grafana** to monitor traffic and resource usage.
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- **Documentation**: Document VLAN IPs, VM configurations, and firewall rules for future maintenance.
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---
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### **9. Has Anything Been Missed?**
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- **No**: All requirements are addressed, including VLAN isolation, mDNS bridging, and service accessibility.
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- **Optional Enhancements**:
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- Add **load balancing** for the mDNS proxy.
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- Use **SNMP** to monitor switch traffic.
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- Implement **failover** for critical services.
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---
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### **10. Conclusion**
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This setup is **feasible** and **robust** for your requirements. The key is ensuring the **mDNS proxy** is correctly connected to all VLANs via the ESXi vSwitch, and the **Sophos firewall** allows only traffic via the proxy. With proper testing and configuration, Apple devices in VLANs 15 and 19 will discover Apple TVs in VLAN 7 via Bonjour, and services will be accessible via the required ports. 🚀
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